DISC Banner Image

GES DISC DAAC Data Guide:
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Level 2 Orbital Ozone and Reflectivity Data Set (Version 7)

Message Alert Notification THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE ON THE GES DISC WEB SITE FOR HISTORICAL INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY. Information provided in this document may not be accurate. We recommend checking other sources related to these data or sensors to acquire reliable and updated information.

Explanation: The Dataset or Sensor Guide Document you are accessing is no longer actively maintained. The Dataset Guide Documents were created for earlier versions of the NASA EOSDIS system. The content of these documents, particularly with regard to characteristics of the data or technical descriptions of a sensor, is likely still accurate. However, information such as contact names, phone numbers, mailing addresses, email addresses, software programs, system requirements, and data access procedures may no longer be accurate. We therefore recommend searching for updated information from other sites to insure that reliable and current information is obtained.


Summary:

The Nimbus-7 TOMS data represent the primary long-term, continuous record of satellite-based observations available for use in monitoring global and regional trends in total ozone over the past 15 years. The data record will be continued by follow-on TOMS instrumentation flown aboard pre-EOS and EOS-era platforms including Meteor-3, EP, and ADEOS. The data are produced by the Laboratory for Atmospheres at the Goddard Space Flight Center and are distributed by the Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The DAAC will continue to provide updates to this data set as it is reprocessed by the data producer. As of May 1996, the Version 6 TOMS data has been replaced in the DAAC archives by the latest Version 7 reprocessed data.

Table of Contents:

1. Data Set Overview:

Data Set Identification:

TOMS Level 2 Orbital Data

Data Set Introduction:

This data set contains satellite-derived estimates of daily averaged, global total column ozone and reflectivity measured along the orbital track at each of 35 fields-of-view comprising a scan line. The data were derived from backscattered ultraviolet measurements taken aboard the Nimbus-7 spacecraft by the TOMS instrument over a 14.5 year period extending from October 1978 - May 1993. The data were processed by the Ozone Processing Team at the Goddard Space Flight Center using the latest Version 7 algorithm and are available from the GSFC Distributed Active Archive Center. Each file contains a day's worth of gridded data stored using the Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) developed by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois.

Objective/Purpose:

The purpose of this data set is to provide information pertaining to the global and regional variability of ozone over both short- and long-term time scales. This includes understanding the factors influencing the month-to-month, seasonal and interannual variability of ozone. In particular, this data set has been extremely useful in monitoring long-term trends in ozone resulting from the injection of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds into the stratosphere over the past several decades.

Summary of Parameters:

The primary geophysical parameters contained in this data set are the following:

  • Total Ozone
  • Bulk UV Reflectivity
  • Calibrated Backscattered UV Radiances (312 - 380 nm)

Discussion:

Total ozone is the primary geophysical parameter of interest derived from the TOMS radiance measurements. It represents the cumulative amount of ozone contained in a column of air extending from the surface of the earth to the top of the atmosphere. The reflectivity parameter is derived from the TOMS wavelengths which are not affected by ozone absorption. It is used to define an effective lower boundary of the atmosphere for use in the computation of total ozone, and is dependent upon the combined effects of the actual surface albedo, the cloudiness and the amount or tropospheric aerosols present within the instrument field-of-view. Both parameters are reported on a daily basis for the entire globe. In addition, there are several auxiliary parameters used in the derivation of the total ozone and reflectivity including the calibrated, backscatterd UV radiances at 6 wavelengths. A quality flag for each retrieval is also included to assist users in the selection and use of the primary retrieval quantites. Please refer to in Variable Description/Definition for more details.

Related Data Sets:

All of the above data sets are available from the GSFC DAAC.

2. Investigator(s):

Richard McPeters
Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
mcpeters@wrabbit.gsfc.nasa.gov

Arlin Krueger
Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
krueger@chapman.gsfc.nasa.gov

P.K. Bhartia
Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
bhartia@chapman.gsfc.nasa.gov

Jay Herman
Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
herman@jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements:

Incoming solar radiation undergoes absorption by gases such as ozone and Rayleigh scattering by molecules in the stratosphere. Radiation that penetrates to the troposphere is scattered by clouds and aerosols, with the radiation that reaches the ground being scattered by surfaces of widely different reflectivity. The two shortest wavelengths chosen for use in the TOMS ozone measurements were selected because of their high ozone absorption. Absorption by other atmospheric components, at these wavelengths, is negligible compared to that of ozone.

The backscattered radiance at a given wavelength depends, in principle, upon the entire ozone profile from the top of the atmosphere to the surface. At wavelengths longer than 310 nanometers (nm), however, the backscattered radiance consists primarily of solar radiation that penetrates the stratosphere and is reflected back by the dense tropospheric air, clouds, aerosols and the Earth's surface. Because most of the ozone (about 90%) is in the stratosphere, the principal effect of total atmospheric ozone is to attenuate both the solar flux reaching the troposphere and the component reflected back to the satellite. This nearly complete spatial separation of the absorber elements in the stratosphere (i.e. ozone) from the "reflector" elements in the troposphere (i.e. aerosols, clouds, and Earth's surface) causes backscattered radiances longer than 310 nm to depend only weakly on the vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere. In the simplest case, whereby tropospheric and surface characteristics remain unchanged from one measurement to the next, and with no aerosols present in the stratosphere, a decrease (increase) in the backscattered radiance at the shortest TOMS wavelengths would signify an increase (decrease) in the total ozone amount below the satellite. Further discussion concerning the theory behind backscattered ultraviolet radiation and its relationship to atmospheric ozone can be found in Liou (1980) and Klenk et al. (1982) .

Derivation of atmospheric ozone content from measurements of the backscattered radiances requires a treatment of reflection from the Earth's surface and of scattering by clouds and other aerosols. In general, the scattered or reflected light depends on both incidence angle of the sunlight and viewing angle of the satellite. Studies ( Dave (1978) ) show that, in practice, the contribution of clouds and aerosols to the backscattered intensity can be treated by assuming the presence of an effective Lambertian reflectivity characterizing the lower troposphere, which collectively accounts for the backscattering effects of clouds, aerosols and the surface of the earth. This process of deriving an effective "scene reflectivity" is performed for every instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV) along the TOMS scanline, and is described further in Derivation Techniques and Algorithms.

4. Equipment:

Sensor/Instrument Description:

Collection Environment:

Sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellite

Source/Platform:

Nimbus-7 polar orbiting satellite

Source/Platform Mission Objectives:

The Nimbus-7 satellite contains several instruments used for earth/atmosphere research with respect to meteorology, oceanography and atmospheric pollution. In particular, TOMS measures the solar UV flux and backscattered earth radiance for the purposes of determining baseline variations of radiation outside the earth's atmosphere, and the effect of these variations upon the earth's climate. This is most effectively accomplished in conjunction with the measurements obtained from the other 6 instruments that comprise the Nimbus-7 observational package.

Key Variables:

Nominal orbit parameters for the Nimbus-7 spacecraft were:

  • Launch date : 10/24/78
  • Orbit : Sun-synchronous, near polar
  • Nominal Altitude (km) : 955
  • Inclination (deg) : 99.3
  • Nodal Period (min.) : 104
  • Equator Crossing Time : 12:00 P.M. (ascending)
  • Nodal Increment (deg) : 26.1

Principles of Operation:

TOMS is a single stage fixed-grating Ebert-Fastie monochromater with a rotating chopper wheel to resolve the incoming light into 6 wavelength bands using a triangular slit function with a 1 nm bandpass. Backscattered radiances are measured at the following wavelengths: 312.5 nm, 317.5 nm, 331.3 nm, 339.9 nm, 360.0 nm, and 380.0 nm

TOMS maps total ozone by scanning through the subsatellite point in a direction perpendicular to the orbital plane. Scans are taken 8 seconds apart, providing a contiguous mapping of ozone.

To measure the solar irradiance, a ground aluminum diffuser plate is deployed to reflect sunlight into the instrument. It is normally deployed once a week for TOMS and is required as part of the retrieval algorithm used to derive total ozone from the backscattered radiance measurements. However, no onboard measure of long-term changes in the reflective characteristics of the diffuser is available; this must be derived from the radiance measurements themselves prior to performing the total ozone retrievals.

Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry:

Facing the direction of spacecraft motion, TOMS scans from the extreme right, passes through nadir to the extreme left, and returns to the extreme right to begin scanning again. Each of the 35 steps is 3 x 3 degrees, which when projected on the surface of the earth from the nominal orbit altitude of 955 km, varies from a diamond 125 x 280 km at the extremes to a square 50 km on a side at nadir. On the ascending node, TOMS scans from east to west. The total swath is 3000 km.

Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument:

Beckman Instruments, Inc., Anaheim, California

Calibration:

Portions of the following sections on TOMS calibration were quoted from:

The Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide, NASA Reference Publication 1384, April, 1996, which can be downloaded from here as a PDF document.

Specifications:

The TOMS prelaunch wavelength calibration was determined using a photographic technique wherein the positions of the images of the back-illuminated TOMS exit slit were compared to the positions of the spectral-line images of a low-pressure mercury-argon lamp that was placed at the exit slit. The wavelengths, determined from prelaunch calibration results, have an estimated accuracy of +/- 0.05 nm. TOMS wavelength calibration monitoring uses observations of four wavelength bands, near the center and in the wings of the 296.7 nm Hg line. More detailed descriptions of the instrument calibration can be found in Heath et. al. (1975) and the Nimbus-7 User's Guide (1978) .

Tolerance:

Uncertainties in the determination of the wavelength calibration yield an upper limit of 0.005 nm to any possible change in the wavelength scale.

Frequency of Calibration:

Scans of the mercury-argon lamp for in-flight monitoring of the wavelength calibration were normally made twice per week.

Other Calibration Information:

Prelaunch radiometric calibration coefficients were obtained for both the incident solar irradiance, F, and the backscattered radiance measurements, I, at all six TOMS wavelengths. However, since the total ozone algorithm utilizes the ratios I/F, the detection of trends in total ozone is critically dependent upon the optical properties of the diffuser plate with time, involving changes in both the magnitude and angular distribution of the reflected radiation. Proper characterization of both the TOMS diffuser plate and spectrometer degradation must be performed through careful analysis and is described in greater detail in Herman et al. (1991) . See also Special Corrections/Adjustments and Processing Changes for further information.

5. Data Acquisition Methods:

Not available at this time.

6. Observations:

Data Notes:

Not Applicable.

Field Notes:

Not Applicable.

7. Data Description:

Spatial Characteristics:

Spatial Coverage:

Global

Spatial Coverage Map:

Typical daily coverage, June daily coverage June

Typical daily coverage, March or September daily coverage September

Typical daily coverage, December daily coverage December

Spatial Resolution:

50 km at nadir, 150 km at scan extremes

Projection:

Swath coordinates

Grid Description:

Not Applicable.

Temporal Characteristics:

Temporal Coverage:

October 31, 1978 - May 6, 1993

Temporal Coverage Map:

Not available at this time.

Temporal Resolution:

Daily

Data Characteristics:

Parameter/Variable:

See Variable Description/Definition below.

Variable Description/Definition:


PARAMETER            DESCRIPTION                             UNITS
---------            -----------                             -----

LSEQNO               Sequential number of scan               unitless
YEAR                 Four digit year                         GMT
DAY                  Day of year at start of scan            GMT
GMT                  Seconds of day                          GMT sec
ALTITUDE             Spacecraft altitude                     km
NADIR                Nadir scan angle                        degrees * 100
SYNC                 Chopper non-synch occurrence flag       unitless

                        0 ---> doesn't occur in current or next scan
                        1 ---> occurs in current scan, not in next
                        2 ---> occurs in next scan, not current
                        3 ---> occurs in both current and next scan

LATITUDE             Geodetic latitude                       degrees * 100
LONGITUDE            Geodetic longitude                      degrees * 100
SOLAR_ZENITH_ANGLE   Solar zenith angle at IFOV              degrees * 100
PHI                  Sun-satellite azimuth angle             degrees * 100
TOTAL_OZONE          Total column ozone amount               matm-cm * 10
REFLECTIVITY         Lambertian surface reflectivity         % * 100
ERROR_FLAG           Error flag                              unitless

                        0 ---> good data
                        1 ---> good data, 84 < SOLAR_ZENITH_ANGLE < 88
                        2 ---> 331 nm residue too large
                        3 ---> triplet residue too large
                        4 ---> SOI > 24 (SO2 contamination)
                        5 ---> | residue | > 12.5 for at least 1 channel
                    10-15 ---> same as above but for descending path

OZONE_BELOW_CLOUD    Ozone below cloudy portion of scene     matm-cm
TERRAIN_PRESSURE     Ground pressure from NMC                atm * 100
CLOUD_PRESSURE       ISCCP climatological cloudtop height    atm * 100
SOI                  Sulfur-dioxide index                    unitless + 50
ALGORITHM_FLAG       Retrieval scheme indicator              unitless

                        1 ---> A triplet alone used
                        2 ---> B triplet alone used
                        3 ---> B triplet with A triplet to select profile
                        4 ---> C triplet with B triplet to select profile

CLOUD_FRACTION       Fractional cloud cover                  percent
MIXING_FRACTION      Profile mixing fraction                 unitless * 10
SURFACE_CATEGORY     Surface category code                   unitless

                        0 ---> ocean
                        1 ---> land
                        2 ---> low inland (below sea level)
                        3 ---> mixed land and ocean
                        4 ---> mixed land and low inland
                        5 ---> mixed ocean, land , and low inland

THIR_CLOUD_PRESSURE  Co-located THIR cloud top pressure      atm * 100
NVALUE               Radiance N-Values at 6 wavelengths      unitless * 50
dN/dR                Reflectivity sensitivity (dN/dR)        -50 / %
SENSITIVITY          Ozone sensitivity (dN/dO3)              10^4 / matm-cm
RESIDUE              Nmeas - Ncalc                           *10 + 127

Please refer to Data Manipulations or the Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide (1996) for more details on these parameters.

Unit of Measurement:

See Variable Description/Definition above.

Data Source:

The source of information for the two most important parameters derived from the TOMS instrument (total ozone and reflectivity) are the backscattered UV radiances measured by the satellite. Information on the total ozone content originates from the modulation of the shortest wavelength radiances by atmospheric ozone absorption, while information on reflectivity originates from the modulation of the longer wavelengths due to scattering by molecules, clouds, aerosols, and the surface of the earth.
PARAMETER       DATA SOURCE
---------       -----------

Total Ozone     Backscattered radiances measured by the TOMS
                instrument in four discrete spectral channels  
                between 312.5 and 339.9 nm.

Reflectivity    Backscattered radiances measured by the TOMS 
                instrument in the additional two discrete 
                spectral channels 360 nm and 380 nm.

Data Range:

Not available at this time.

Sample Data Record:

Since the TOMS data are stored as scientific data objects in the HDF format, it is not possible to provide a simple representation of a "data record" in the conventional sense for this section. Please refer to the section Data Format for details on the structure of the TOMS HDF file and the fields contained therein.

8. Data Organization:

Data Granularity:

A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.

A Level 2 TOMS granule consists of a single orbit of data at the original resolution of the instrument. There are multiple geophysical parameter arrays within each orbital file. The approximate compressed and uncompressed file sizes for a TOMS level 2 file are 600 kB and 830 kB, respectively.

Data Format:

The TOMS level 2 orbital parameters are stored as Scientific Data Sets (SDS) in the Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) . There are 27 HDF SDSs for the data fields, which are either 1 dimensional (scan), 2 dimensional (scan x scene), or 3 dimensional (scan x scene x wavelength). The table below lists the data type and dimension of each SDS in the orbital file.
        PARAMETER              DATA TYPE     DIMENSIONS
        ---------              ---------     ----------
        LSEQNO                 int16         394
        YEAR                   int16         394
        DAY                    int16         394
        GMT                    int32         394
        ALTITUDE               int16         394
        NADIR                  int16         394
        SYNC                   int16         394
        LATITUDE               int16         394 x 35
        LONGITUDE              int16         394 x 35
        SOLAR_ZENITH_ANGLE     int16         394 x 35
        PHI                    int16         394 x 35
        TOTAL_OZONE            int16         394 x 35
        REFLECTIVITY           int16         394 x 35
        ERROR_FLAG             int16         394 x 35
        OZONE_BELOW_CLOUD      uint8         394 x 35
        TERRAIN_PRESSURE       uint8         394 x 35
        CLOUD_PRESSURE         uint8         394 x 35
        SOI                    uint8         394 x 35
        ALGORITHM_FLAG         uint8         394 x 35
        CLOUD_FRACTION         uint8         394 x 35
        MIXING_FRACTION        uint8         394 x 35
        SURFACE_CATEGORY       uint8         394 x 35
        THIR_CLOUD_PRESSURE    uint8         394 x 35
        NVALUE                 int16         394 x 35 x 6
        dN/dR                  uint8         394 x 35 x 6
        SENSITIVITY            int16         394 x 35 x 5
        RESIDUE                uint8         394 x 35 x 5

        where:

            uint8 =  8-bit unsigned integer
            int16 = 16-bit integer
            int32 = 32-bit integer

Fill values for missing data for each of these parameters depends upon the data type used. These fill values are shown below:
             DATA TYPE       FILL VALUE
             ---------       ----------
              uint              255
              int16            32767
              int32          2147483647
In addition to the actual data, each TOMS orbital file contains self-documenting text and metadata information. These include:

  • A File Label
  • A Detailed File Description or Annotation
  • A list of Metadata Attributes (stored as a 2nd File Description)
  • A list of Global File Attributes

More detailed descriptions of the metadata information can be obtained from The Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide (1996).

9. Data Manipulations:

Formulae:

Derivation Techniques and Algorithms:

The intensity of solar radiation backscattered by the earth-atmosphere system and received by a sensor aboard an earth-orbiting satellite can be expressed as:

I(i) = Ia(i) + Ig(i)

where

  • I(i) is the backscattered radiance at wavelength i
  • Ia(i) is the atmospheric contribution to the radiance at wavelength i
  • Ig(i) is the contribution due to multiple reflections from the surface

The ground contribution is given by:

Ig(i) = [ R/(1-R*S(i)) ] * T(i) = R*T(i) / (1-R*S(i))

where

  • R is the Lambertian reflectivity of the lower boundary
  • T(i) is the amount of direct plus diffuse radiation reaching the surface, then diffusely transmitted upward to the satellite
  • S(i) is the fraction of radiation reflected by the surface that is scattered back to the surface by the atmosphere. The term 1/( 1- R*S) effectively accounts for multiple reflections between the ground and the atmosphere.

In the above, I(i) and Ig(i) depend upon total ozone amount, the effective scene pressure level and reflectivity, the solar zenith angle and the satellite viewing angle. The purely atmospheric contribution Ia(i) as well as T(i) depend upon all of the above except the reflectivity R. The values of I(i), Ia(i) and to a lesser extent Ig(i) are also somewhat dependent upon the shape (i.e., vertical distribution) of the ozone profile.

Once the measured backscattered radiances have been corrected for the effects of wavelength drift and changes in the instrument optics and sensitivity (see McPeters et al. (1996) ), a quantity called the "N-value", or N(i), is formed in order to decrease the dynamic range of the total ozone dependence:

N(i) = -100 log[ I(i) / F(i) ]

where the ratio I/F denotes the backscattered radiance I(i) normalized by the direct solar radiation, F(i), incident at the level of the sensor.

Given the optical properties of the atmosphere at each TOMS wavelength, a set of tables is created relating total ozone to I/F (and thus N) for several independent variables. These include

  • Climatological ozone profiles (26 profiles, 6 low latitude, 10 mid latitude, 10 high latitude, each group in increments of 50 Dobson units)
  • Pressure at the reflecting surface.(2 pressures, 400 mb and 1000 mb)
  • Solar zenith angle (10 angles from 0 to 88 degrees)
  • Satellite zenith angle at the IFOV (6 angles from 0 to 70 degrees)

The scene reflectivity R is not included as a table variable since the tabulated quantities of interest, S(i), T(i) and Ia(i), do not depend upon it. The theoretical values of I/F at each of the 6 TOMS wavelengths are calculated using the radiative transfer methodology of Dave (1964) .

The computation of total column ozone is accomplished by computing radiance ratios called pair values, which are ratios of I/F at a longer wavelength, which is relatively insensitive to ozone, to that of a shorter, ozone-sensitive wavelength:

  • A-pair = N(313 nm) - N(331 nm)
  • B-pair = N(318 nm) - N(331 nm)
  • C-pair = N(331 nm) - N(340 nm)

Pairs are chosen about 20 nm apart or less, so that scattering effects are about the same, and the relative attenuation of the pair is sensitive mostly to ozone absorption. In addition, the ratios of the radiances help to minimize calibration errors and wavelength independent effects. Different pairs of wavelengths are used for different conditions, i.e., for large ozone amounts at low sun angles the A-pair becomes less sensitive to changes in total ozone since 313 nm senses higher in the atmosphere ( Klenk at al. (1982) ). It also becomes more sensitive to ozone profile shape; thus more weight will be placed upon the derived B-pair and C-pair ozone values in this case. A modification of the N-pair technique using wavelength triplets was implemented in the Version 7 methodology, and is described below.

The basic procedure for deriving total ozone from TOMS measurements consists of the following steps:

  1. Determination of the reflectivity of the lower boundary of the atmosphere, R

    This is obtained using the TOMS measurement (Im) at 380 nm, which is insensitive to ozone absorption. Two radiance values are extracted from the tables for the particular location and observing geometry, a ground radiance (Ig) derived using the ground pressure and a corresponding surface reflectivity (Rg) of 8%, and a cloud radiance (Ic) derived using the climatological ISCCP cloud top pressure and corresponding cloud reflectivity (Rc) of 80%. If the measured 380 nm radiance Im lies between Ic and Ig, then an effective cloud fraction is determined by

    f = (Im - Ig) / (Ic - Ig)

    with an associated effective reflectivity for the IFOV given by

    R = Rg*(1-f) + f*Rc

    If Im is outside this range, the effective reflectivity at 380 nm is computed from the following expression:

    R = (I - Ia)/(T - S*(I - Ia) )

    where Ia, T, and S are obtained from the tables for the given sun and satellite angles. In both cases above, a special adjustment is made to the derived value of R in the presence of ice and/or snow. Please refer to McPeters et al. (1996) for more details.

  2. Derivation of a first guess total ozone value

    An initial guess is obtained for the total ozone using the B-pair wavelengths and the information on effective cloud fraction and reflectivity found in step 1. For the particular latitude and geometry, radiances are calculated from the quantities in the tables for the range of ozone values appropriate to that band. This is done to obtain both ground radiances Ig as well as cloud radiances Ic by interpolating between the 1000 mb and 400 mb entries for the given terrain and cloud heights. The cloud fraction is then used to combine the ground and cloud radiances into a single value representative of that TOMS IFOV for each tabulated ozone amount. The measured B-pair N-value is compared with the set of B-pair N-values calculated at each tabulated ozone value, and linear interpolation in N-value is performed to obtained the first guess total ozone amount.

  3. Derivation of a best ozone value

    Using the first guess ozone, N-values are calculated at all TOMS wavelengths. Differences between these values and the measured N-values, called the residuals r(i), are then used as a basis for correcting the total ozone value for possible wavelength dependencies in the reflectivity and other residual instrument characterization effects. The wavelength dependent residual is modeled for each wavelength i as:

    r(i) = s(i) * (OZ - OZ0) + b * (i - 380)

    where s(i) is the sensitivity of N(i) due to changes in total ozone, OZ is the desired ozone value, OZ0 the first guess ozone value, and b is a constant. This equation explicitly makes use of the 380 nm wavelength, and when used with two other wavelengths (hence the designation triplet ) results in a new estimate for the total ozone. The choice of triplet is dictated by the total path length associated with the IFOV, with the A-, B- and C-triplets consisting of the A-, B- and C-pair wavelengths plus 380 nm. Finally, a simple linear latitudinal mixing is used to obtain the "best ozone" value for path lengths less than 1.5, while for higher path lengths a somewhat more complicated technique is used which requires consistency between two different triplets. A more rigorous treatment can be found in McPeters et al. (1996).

Data Processing Sequence:

Processing Steps:

Raw measurements and image location data were obtained by the Ozone Processing Team (OPT) at Goddard Space Flight Center and merged to produce radiance data tapes called Raw Units Tape-TOMS (RUT-T). A RUT-T tape contains the uncalibrated TOMS radiance measurements at the 6 specified wavelengths for each field-of-view along each orbit. It also contains solar, satellite, and earth reference data, plus housekeeping data. Other ancillary data needed as input to the processing include terrain height and information pertaining to the presence of clouds and snow/ice. Terrain height is obtained from the National Meteorological Center (NMC) on a 0.5 by 0.5 degree grid, and interpolated to the TOMS IFOV to obtain the average ground pressure after converting from height using the U.S. Standard Atmosphere. Cloud information, which in Version 6 was based upon a climatology derived from the THIR instrument aboard Nimbus-7, is now based upon the ISCCP climatology. Snow/ice probabilities are obtained from the Air Force Global Weather Center on a polar stereographic projection, from which a monthly snow/ice indicator field mapped to a 1 degree by 1 degree grid is created for use in the TOMS retrievals.

Radiance data on the TOMS RUT-T tapes are used to derive total ozone, reflectivity and other useful parameters such as a sulfur dioxide index (an indicator of volcanic eruptions) for each individual IFOV. These are stored as a level 2 data product in both binary format for internal purposes within the TOMS processing center, and in Hierarchical Data Format for general distribution to the public by the DAAC.

Processing Changes:

Several changes were made in the TOMS processing which resulted in improved estimates of total ozone compared to the earlier Version 6 results. These include:

  • implementation of a new method to account for long-term drift in ozone due to variations in instrument sensitivity with time (see Special Corrections/Adjustments for more information)
  • determination of a new wavelength calibration, using pre-launch calibration data, which removed long-standing biases between coincident SBUV and TOMS-derived total ozone measurements.
  • use of a 2-layer model employing ISCCP climatology to characterize partially clouded scenes when accounting for surface reflectivity effects in the determination of total ozone
  • use of triplets of wavelengths (rather than pairs as in Version 6 to solve for ozone while simultaneously accounting for residual effects that are assumed linear with wavelength, such as the wavelength dependence of the surface reflectivity arising from the effects of dust and/or sea glint. See Derivation Techniques and Algorithms for a more detailed description.
  • improved latitudinal weighting scheme at higher path lengths (i.e., high solar zenith angles as encountered in the polar regions).
  • implementation of an improved sulfur dioxide index to eliminate an offset appearing in the data in the absence of SO2.

Refer to the Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide (1996) for more details.

Calculations:

Special Corrections/Adjustments:

The major correction which is performed as part of the TOMS data processing involves accurate characterization of the diffuser plate degradation with time, which impacts the measured solar irradiance and therefore the I/F values used to determine the total ozone. This step is especially critical since an inaccurate characterization can lead to artificial trends in the long-term time series ozone measurements. The previous Version 6 algorithm used the so-called Pair Justification Method (PJM) of Herman et al (1991) in place of the exponential diffuser degrader model used by Cebula et al. (1988) in the generation of the TOMS Version 5 total ozone data. In the Version 7 methodology, time-dependent changes in instrument sensitivity are deduced directly from the radiance measurements. Since the 4 longest TOMS wavelengths are insensitive to ozone, discrepancies in the reflectivity R derived from each wavelength over ocean provide a measure of the calibration errors at these wavelengths. The instrument sensitivity changes at the 2 shortest wavelengths are then inferred by fitting a quadratic to the degradation determined at the longer wavelengths.

Refer to Wellemeyer et al. (1996) and to the Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide (1996) for more details.

Calculated Variables:

The TOMS ozone retrieval methodology is based upon a look-up table relating radiance measurements to total ozone for typical atmospheric conditions and satellite measurement geometries. As such, a detailed radiative transfer code (see Dave (1964) ) was used to compute these theoretical backscattered UV radiances as a function of solar zenith angle, satellite view angle, relative azimuth, surface pressure, and ozone profile shape and amount through the use of latitude-dependent, standard climatological profiles. See Derivation Techniques and Algorithms for more details and further references.

Graphs and Plots:

Not available at this time.

10. Errors:

Sources of Error:

The ozone values derived from TOMS measurements have three types of uncertainties:

  • uncertainties in the basic measurements
  • uncertainties in the physical quantities used to retrieve ozone values from the measurements
  • uncertainties in the mathematical procedure used to retrieve ozone values from the measurements

Each of these sources of error can be manifested in one or more of three ways:

  • random errors
  • time-invariant systematic errors
  • time-dependent systematic errors (drifts)

See Klenk (1982) for a general description of the uncertainties in the total ozone derivation, and McPeters et al. (1996) for numerical estimates for these errors in the Version 7 TOMS data.

Quality Assessment:

Data Validation by Source:

Ground-based Dobson stations are used as the reference for validating the TOMS total ozone data. Comparisons were made with a network of 30 Dobson stations which included data from all seasons but were weighted toward mid-northern latitudes. In general, the measurements from the satellite- and ground-based instruments are spatially coincident within 100 km and temporally coincident within 1 hour. Weekly means of the differences between the Dobson- and satellite-derived total ozone measurements were calculated for the validation. For the entire 14.5 year record of TOMS data, the mean difference was found to be 0.5 %, with a standard deviation of 0.7 %. In addition, the overall trend in this difference amounts to about 0.2 % per decade; thus these differences are within the combined uncertainties of the two estimation techniques.

Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgement:

Measurement Error for Parameters:

The following error estimates apply to the TOMS-derived total ozone:

  • Absolute error : +/- 2 %
  • Random error : +/- 2 % (1 sigma value)
  • Drift uncertainty : +/- 1.0 % per decade

The drift error is somewhat higher at high latitudes. The difference between the TOMS and Dobson total ozone measurements at the time of launch is approximately 1 %, with TOMS reporting higher ozone values. The time dependence of this bias is small and can be approximated as linear with a slope of less than 0.2 % per decade, or 0.3 % over the 14.5 year lifetime of the TOMS instrument. The error estimates for the reflectivity are not available at this time.

There are additional sources of error which contribute to the uncertainty in total ozone, but which only occur for specific times, locations, or physical conditions (such as volcanic eruptions). Please refer to Known Problems with the Data for a discussion of these sources.

Additional Quality Assessments:

Each TOMS ozone retrieval has an associated quality flag which if non-zero indicates the presence of SO2 contamination, an extremely large solar zenith angle, larger than normal triplet residues, or retrieval over the descending portion of the orbit. See Variable Description/Definition for a definition of this flag.

Data Verification by Data Center:

The metadata accompanying each data file are checked for consistency and valid ranges during the archive process. A sampling of daily data files as well as all monthly means have been visually examined to ensure no corruption of the data following transfer to the DAAC. Checksums for each file are computed during the archive process and stored in the database for future comparison upon retrieval of the file from the archive.

11. Notes:

Limitations of the Data:

Due to the nature of the TOMS measurements, total ozone values can only be derived during the sunlit portion of the orbit. In addition, total ozone is not derived for periods of time and ranges of latitude for which the radiances are affected by solar eclipses.

Known Problems with the Data:

There are several problems localized in space and time which may affect the quality of the ozone retrievals derived from TOMS radiance measurements. These include the following:

  • Volcanic effects : Sulfur dioxide (SO2) injected into the stratosphere by volcanic eruptions such as El Chichon (1982) and Mt. Pinatubo (1991) can cause anomalous absorption of radiation at the TOMS wavelengths which would be interpreted as increased ozone levels. Furthermore, conversion of gaseous SO2 to sulfuric acid aerosol (H2SO4) results in enhanced backscattering of radiation which would be interpreted as a decrease in ozone. An SO2 index based on the algorithm of Krueger et al. (1995) is included in the orbital (level 2) ozone data which serves to flag possible volcanic contamination. These data are not included when creating the level 3 gridded TOMS data product.

  • Polar Stratospheric Clouds : Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) occur in the Antarctic region during winter when temperatures drop below about -80 degrees C. The presence of these ice clouds and the resulting enhanced backscattering of radiation can cause underestimation of the total ozone at large solar zenith angles (> 80 degrees) in the vicinity of 2% to 6% for typical clouds, and as much as 50% for optically thick PSCs. These effects have not been corrected for in the TOMS data sets.

  • Sun glint : A scan angle dependence on the order of 1% is seen in the retrieved total ozone. In the presence of sun glint, which for TOMS occurs with the sun directly overhead over the ocean, this is accentuated to a value near 2% from nadir to scan extremes. This implies a value of ozone that is 1% too low at nadir due to sun glint.

Usage Guidance:

Ozone retrievals for the descending portion of the orbit (ERROR_FLAG has values between 10 and 15) taken during the summer solstice around each pole have been found to be biased low at these extreme solar zenith angles. Users should therefore avoid the use of data flagged as descending orbit data. Refer to the Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide (1996) for further information on this topic.

Any Other Relevant Information about the Study:

None available for this data set.

12. Application of the Data Set:

Total ozone data as derived from the TOMS instrument are useful for understanding a variety of phenomena involving both short-term stratospheric fluctuations and long-term climate change. Stratospheric ozone modulates the incoming (and biologically harmful) solar ultraviolet radiation stream through absorption in much the same way as tropospheric carbon dioxide traps outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Just as an increase or decrease of carbon dioxide in the lower atmosphere may have a climatic impact over the long term, so too may changes in the ozone content of the upper atmosphere. Beside the study of long-term climate change, other specific examples of scientific applications of this data set include the following :

  • input to global solar radiation models for use in determining the proportion of Ultraviolet-B (UV-B), Ultraviolet-A (UV-A), and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) penetrating the biosphere (Eck et al. (1995) )

  • determination of the long-term trends in total ozone on both regional (e.g., Antarctica) and global scales (Bowman (1988) )

  • study of spatial and temporal patterns, seasonal cycles, and interannual variability of ozone (Bowman (1986) )

  • use as a tracer of stratospheric dynamics in the 30-40 mb region where the bulk of the ozone resides, including correlations with wind and temperature patterns, especially for transient phenomena such as Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (Miller et al. (1976) ) and periodic phenomena such as the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) (Lait et al. (1989) )

  • input to radiative transfer models for use in providing atmospheric corrections to satellite-observed radiances (e.g., AVHRR and CZCS) for the determination of ocean color and vegetation indices (Gordon and Clark (1981) )

  • intercomparison and validation with results derived from other total ozone instrumentation such as the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) (Lienesch and Pardey (1985) )

13. Future Modifications and Plans:

The Goddard DAAC will continue to support any future reprocessings of the Nimbus-7 TOMS data. The DAAC will also provide archive and distribution support for follow-on TOMS missions such as Meteor-3/TOMS (TOMS/2), EP-TOMS (TOMS/3) and ADEOS TOMS (TOMS/4) as the data become available from the producers.

14. Software:

Software Description:

A utility program written in C called read_tomsl2.c is available which allows a user to list all of the descriptive information associated with all arrays in the TOMS HDF file, then select a particular array and extract spatial subsets of the data. The output will be in ASCII tabular format which can be printed either to the user's terminal or to an output file. The routine makes use of the HDF Version 3.3 release 4 libraries available either from NCSA. The program was written and tested on a Silicon Graphics platform and may require minor modifications for use on other unix machines. More information can be found in the Data Access Information - Reading the TOMS HDF Files section of the TOMS README which accompanies all TOMS data obtained through the DAAC online ordering system.

In addition, the TOMS HDF files can be viewed through NCSA's visualization package Collage, which can be downloaded from here.

Software Access:

See Software Description for instructions on how to obtain the TOMS level 2 read software and the required HDF libraries.

15. Data Access:

Contact Information:

GSFC DAAC Help Desk
Code 902
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771, U.S.A.

Phone:(301) 614-5224
Fax:(301) 614-5268
Email:daacuso@daac.gsfc.nasa.gov

Data Center Identification:

Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center

Procedures for Obtaining Data:

The data can be obtained via the EOSDIS Version 0 Information Management System (IMS), the local Goddard DAAC IMS, or anonymous FTP. World Wide Web (WWW) access is also available for this dataset. Refer to the Data Access Information - Getting the Data section of the TOMS README for detailed information on ordering and/or downloading the data.

Data Center Status/Plans:

The Goddard DAAC will provide archive and distribution support for the follow-on TOMS instrumentation aboard the Meteor-3, EP, and ADEOS platforms in 1996. These products will be available via anonymous FTP as well as through the usual DAAC ordering mechanism.

16. Output Products and Availability:

The archive HDF data are available via FTP.

17. References:

Bhartia, P.K., et al. 1993, The effect of Mt. Pinatubo aerosols on total ozone measurements from Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) Experiments. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18547-18554.

Bowman, K.P., 1986, Interannual variability of total ozone during the breakdown of the Antarctic circumpolar vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1193-1196.

Bowman, K.P., 1988, Global trends in total ozone, Science, 239, 48-50.

Cebula, R.P., H. Park, and D.F. Heath, 1988, Characterization of the Nimbus-7 SBUV radiometer for the long term monitoring of stratospheric ozone, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 215-227.

Dave, J.V. 1978, Effect of aerosols on the estimate of total ozone in an atmospheric column from the measurements of its ultraviolet radiance, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 899-911.

Dave, J.V. 1964, Meaning of successive iteration of the auxiliary equation of radiative transfer. Astrophys. J., 140, 1292-1303.

Eck, T.F., P.K. Bhartia, and J.B. Kerr, 1995, Satellite estimation of spectral UVB irradiance using TOMS derived total ozone and UV reflectivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(5), 611-614.

Gordon, H.R., and D.K. Clark, 1981, Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery, Appl. Optics, 20, 4175-4180.

Herman, J.R., R. Hudson, R. McPeters, and R. Stolarski, 1991, A new self-calibration method applied to TOMS and SBUV backscattered ultraviolet data to determine long-term global ozone change, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7531-7545.

Heath, D.F., A.J. Krueger, H.R. Roeder, and B.D. Henderson, 1975, The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS) for Nimbus G, Opt. Eng. , 14(4), 323-331.

Klenk, K.F., P.K. Bhartia, A.J. Fleig, V.G. Kaveeshwar, R.D. McPeters, and P.M. Smith, 1982, Total ozone determination from the Backscattered Ultraviolet (BUV) Experiment, J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1672-1684.

Krueger, A.J., L.S. Walter, P.K. Bhartia, C.C. Schnetzler, N.A. Krotkov, I. Sprod, and G.J.S. Bluth, 1995, Volcanic sulfur dioxide measurements from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 14057-14076.

Lait, L.R., M.R. Schoeberl, and P.A. Newman, 1989, Quasi-biennial modulation of the Antarctic ozone depletion, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 559-571.

Lienesch, J.H., and P.K.K. Pardey, 1985, "The use of TOMS data in evaluating and improving the total ozone from TOVS measurements", Rep. NOAA-TR-NESDIS-23, Issue 22, 3814-3828.

Liou, K.-N., 1980, An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, Academic Press, New York.

Madrid, C. R. (ed.), 1978, The Nimbus 7 User's Guide, Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

McPeters, R., and W.D Komhyr. 1991, Long-term changes in the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer relative to world standard Dobson Spectrometer 83. J. of Geophys. Res., 96, 2987-2993.

McPeters, R.D., et al., 1996, Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide, NASA Reference Publication 1384, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.

Miller, A.J., R.M. Nagatani, K.B. Labitzke, E. Klinker, K. Rose, and D.F. Heath, 1976, Stratospheric ozone transport during the mid-winter warming of December 1970-January 1971, paper presented at Joint Symposium on Atmospheric Ozone, Dresden, Germany, August 9-16, 1976.

Wellemeyer, C., S.L. Taylor, G. Jaross, M.T. DeLand, C.J. Seftor, G. Labow, T.J. Swissler, and R.P. Cebula, 1996, "Final Report on Nimbus-7 TOMS Version 7 Calibration", NASA Contractor Report, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.

18. Glossary of Terms:

Not Available at this time.

19. List of Acronyms:

  • ADEOS Advanced Earth Observing System
  • AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
  • CFC ChloroFluoroCarbon
  • CPOZ Compressed Ozone
  • CZCS Coastal Zone Color Scanner
  • DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center
  • DAT Digital Audio Tape
  • DU Dobson Unit
  • EOS Earth Observing System
  • EOSDIS EOS Data and Information System
  • EP Earth Probe
  • FTP File Transfer Protocol
  • GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center
  • HDF Hierarchical Data Format
  • HDSBUV High Density Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet
  • HDTOMS High Density TOMS
  • IFOV Instantaneous Field-of-View
  • ISCCPInternational Satellite Cloud Climatology Project
  • IMS Information Management System
  • NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  • NCSA National Center for Supercomputer Applications
  • NMC National Meteorological Center
  • OPT Ozone Processing Team
  • PAR Photosynthetically Active irRadiance
  • PJM Pair Justification Method
  • QBO Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
  • RUT-T Raw Units Tape - TOMS
  • SBUV Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet
  • SDS Scientific Data Set
  • SSBUV Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet
  • THIR Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer
  • TIROS Television and InfraRed Observation Satellite
  • TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer
  • TOVS TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder
  • UV UltraViolet
  • UV-A Ultraviolet-A
  • UV-B Ultraviolet-B

20. Document Information:

Document Revision Date:Fri May 10 11:53:27 EDT 2002
1 May 1997

Document Review Date:

1 May 1997

Document ID:

Not Available at this time.

Citation:

Not available at this time.

Document Curator:

Suraiya Ahmad
Suraiya.Ahmad.1@gsfc.nasa.gov

Document URL

Document URL for TOMS L2 is no longer available. Please proceed to TOMS L3 Overview .



NASA Logo - nasa.gov

  • Last updated: May 06, 2009 22:26:50 GMT